WHAT DRIVES MOTION: A LOOK INSIDE LINEAR ACTUATORS

Learn how electric, hydraulic, pneumatic, and hybrid linear actuators work and how they compare in precision, power, and energy efficiency.
Category:
Education, Electro-Mechanical Replacement, Hybrid Actuator Total Solution, Hydraulic Replacement, Insights

WHAT IS A LINEAR ACTUATOR?

Actuators are the heart of automation – the components that transform energy into controlled movement. In the simplest of terms, a linear actuator converts rotary motion into straight-line motion, creating the force required to push, pull, lift, or precisely position a load. From robotic assembly to heavy industrial and mobile equipment, actuators make it all move, and choosing the right type can directly impact performance, reliability, and efficiency.

 

HOW DIFFERENT ACTUATION TECHNOLOGIES WORK

Screw-Driven Actuators (Electro-Mechanical Actuators / EMAs)

Screw-driven actuators use a motor that rotates a lead screw, roller screw, or ball screw. As the screw turns, it moves a nut or rod linearly to produce motion. In some designs, gearboxes or belt drives are used between the motor and the screw to modify speed and torque.

Strengths: Clean operation, precise positioning, and easy integration with control systems.

Limitations: Configurations are limited by mechanical components, wear over time from friction and metal contact, limited shock-load tolerance, and potential backlash.

SCREW-TYPE ACTUATOR

Pneumatic Actuators

Pneumatic actuators use compressed air to move a piston inside a cylinder. The rod moves in response to a pressure differential.

Strengths: Rapid movement, relatively low cost (if compressed air already available), clean (no oil), simple installation & maintenance.

Limitations: Air leaks degrade performance, limit force output, provide less precise control, are energy inefficient, cause pressure drops across lines, air contamination, and lubrication challenges.

PNEUMATIC Actuator

Hydraulic Actuators

Hydraulic cylinders generate linear force by using pressurized hydraulic fluid to move a piston inside a cylinder. The higher the pressure, the greater the force.

Strengths: High power density, robust, rugged, proven durability, and smooth motion under heavy loads.

Limitations: Systems can leak, require regular maintenance, and run continuously, even when not performing work.

hydraulic actuator

Hybrid Linear Actuators (SHAs)

Kyntronics’ Hybrid Linear Actuators (SHA) combine the power and robustness of hydraulics with the precision and controllability of electric actuators.

How It Works: A compact, fluid-based cylinder (similar to a hydraulic cylinder) is directly integrated with a servo motor and gear pump (like an electric actuator).

Benefits:

  • No hoses or external hydraulic power units
  • Leak-free, low-maintenance design
  • Power-on-Demand operation for energy efficiency
  • High force density and precision position control
  • Custom configurations tailored to diverse industrial applications
Kyntronics’ Hybrid Actuator (SHA) Total Solution
Actuator Technology Comparison Chart Graph (2)